Essay on Theories of Motivation - 1592 Words

Theories of Motivation The contemporary literature concerned with the human motivation processes can be described as a collection of miniature theories, each concerned with understanding and predicting behavior under a very limited set of conditions. This approach is contrasted with the global efforts of early personality theorists like Freud and Murray who attempted to develop more general theories of human motivation. The trend toward the miniature theory in this area can be understood as an attempt to develop theoretical concepts more precisely defined and testable than those provided by traditional personality theory. II - ATKINSONS NEED-ACHIEVEMENT THEORY†¦show more content†¦This test consists of showing and individual a series of ambiguous human scenes and asking him to white a brief story about each scene. An individual can score from 1 to 10 on the test with 10 representing a very high level of need achievement motivation and 1 very low. The score received on the TAT is the Ms value to be inserted into the equation. Ps is the individuals subjective estimate of the probability of success at the task. It is the assumed cognitive factor in Atkinsons theorizing. It is an attempt to qualify your expectancy concerning the outcome if a particular course of action is chosen. Is is the incentive value associated with success. According to Atkinson, it is the feeling of pride or value associated with achieving a goal. He defines Is as 1 - Ps. It suggests that the value or pride associated with succeeding at a very difficult task is greater than the value or pride associated with succeeding at an easy task.  § Taf Atkinson also assumes that fear of failure also affects your choice behavior. It is a negative source of motivation that represents the tendency to avoid the task. He defines Taf as follows: Taf = Maf x Pf x If. Maf is another stable personality trait that Atkinson assumes characterizes most of us to varying degrees. This trait is essentially an indication of the anxiety you have when approaching a task atShow MoreRelatedTheories Of Motivation And Motivation Theories1493 Words   |  6 Pagesextent, needs of theories of motivation are still relevant to contemporary management practice. Theories of motivation are important as it helps managers to understand their employees’ needs of motivations, and to motivate their employees to perform and excel better. There are several motivation theories; this essay will briefly explain six major theories of motivation and discuss three of the theories in more detail. This essay will also explain the needs theories of motivation, and will focus onRead MoreMotivation Theory : Motivation And Motivation846 Words   |  4 PagesProfessor Jones Psychology April 28 2016 Motivation Theories Having motivation to do something is very important. Motivation plays a huge roll in everyone’s life, even If someone has very little motivation. There are several types of motivation such as Instinct and drive motivation. These two motivations are quite similar, but different at the same time. I will compare and contrast both of these types of motivation and what I think about them. These motivations are very important to your life and canRead MoreMotivation Theories Of Motivation And Motivation Essay1020 Words   |  5 Pages Overview of Presentation What is motivation? Cognitive theories of Motivation Forms of Motivation Motivation Theories Profile of Motivational Problems How to Motivate Students What is Motivation? Many different theorists have tried to define what is meant by motiviation. Urdan and Schoenfelder (2006) defined Motivation as follows: â€Å"Motivation is a complex part of human psychology and behavior that influences how individuals choose to invest their time, how much energy they exert in any givenRead MoreMotivation And Theory Of Motivation1464 Words   |  6 PagesIt is suggested by psychologists that motivation can be understood as a technique that works as a model that starts and maintains behaviours. The reason we all act or do something is caused by motivation; it is related to the emotions, biology and the social factors that influence behaviour. It is usually a term used to explain why an individual will do something, the reasons behind that action. Moreover, The term motivation refers to factors that activate, direct, and sustain goal-directed behaviourRead MoreThe Theory Of Motivation And Motivation1401 Words   |  6 Pages Schools of thought in relation to motivation refer to the theories developed by different psychologists to explain motivation in dept. it is crucial to understand motivation and the factors that cause it since it contributes to achievement of one’s goal and desires in life. Therefore, motivation can be described as the process of enticing an individual through a reward to increase the occurrence of a specified behavior in an organization. Different factors can be used as motivators in an organizationRead MoreThe Theory Of Motivation And Motivation1010 Words   |  5 PagesMotivation is defined as an act or process that inspires and stimulates a person to be an effort to achieve a goal. It not only puts employees in act, but also makes them feel interesting with their job. As a result, most of employees are feeling satisfaction with their job, becoming creativity, innovation and productivity as well. However, to successful in motivating the staff is required an appropriate met hod that meets with all staff’s need. Otherwise, it is seems to useless in driving the employeesRead MoreMotivation Theory And Expectancy Theory Of Motivation1742 Words   |  7 Pagesplace. This problem mainly occurs in organisation when there is lack of motivation, lack of organisational justice, negative culture and low morale. The purpose of this case study is to give brief view about, why employees had to face these problems and how to make positive culture and what and where the changes are required for the WA force. This report introduces MARS motivation theory and Expectancy theory of motivation for improves officers’ behaviours towards force, with that how can they fillRead MoreMotivation Theories And Motivation Of Employee Motivation Essay1517 Words   |  7 Pagescontrol and some that are not. Employee motivation is something that can directly affect an organizations production. It is no secret that un-motivated employees equates to un-productive workers, but how can we combat this? In order to better understand this concept we will look at the definition of employee motivation, some of the motivation theories and some motivation techniques that could be useful in our organizations. What is employee motivation? Motivation is a word used quite often in many differentRead MoreMotivation Theories1236 Words   |  5 PagesThe four motivation theories are Biological theory, Psychosocial theory of motivation, Biopsychosocial, and Achievement theory. Everyone has their own motivation in life for continuing education, and career choices. Each person also has Intrinsic and Extrinsic motivators. Intrinsic is an internal motivation for self satisfaction. Extrinsic is an external motivation, or reward for a person’s accomplishment. Motivation Theories: Linda was motivated to go back to school because she wanted an educationRead MoreMotivation Theories1577 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Motivation is the will and desire that a person has to engage in a particular behaviour or perform a particular task† (Lawley King, P269). In life motivation will be needed to enhance the workforce in various ways, many organisations will use motivation to increase the percentage yield of an individual or to make an individual feel a part of the business or organisation. Incentives have a huge influence on behaviourist extrinsic approach. In addition other aspects; humanist theorist, intrinsic

What Is Strategy Free Essays

Today’s dynamic markets and technologies have called into question the sustainability of competitive advantage. Under pressure to improve productivity, quality, and speed, managers have embraced tools such as TQM, benchmarking, and reengineering. Dramatic operational improvements have resulted, but rarely have these gains translated into sustainable profitability. We will write a custom essay sample on What Is Strategy? or any similar topic only for you Order Now And gradually, the tools have taken the place of strategy. As managers push to improve on all fronts, they move further away from viable competitive positions. Michael Porter argues that operational effectiveness, although necessary to superior performance, is not sufficient, because its techniques are easy to imitate. In contrast, the essence of strategy is choosing a unique and valuable position rooted in systems of activities that are much more difficult to match. In answering the question ‘what is strategy? ’, some theorists focus more on the role of strategy in allowing a firm to ‘position’ itself in an industry, hence to make choices regarding ‘what game to play’. Others focus more on the role of strategy in determining how well a given game is played. Strategy is about both: choosing new games to play and playing existing games better. One of the biggest disagreements among strategy researcher concerns the process by which strategies emerge. Some describe stratgy as a rational and deliberate process, while others describer it as an evolutionary process which emerges from experimentation and trial and error. Some place more emphasis on external factors, like the structure of the industry to which he firm belongs (e. g. the industrial organization approach), while others place more emphasis on factors internal to the organization, like the way production is organized (e. g. Resource-Based approach). Furthermore, some describe a relatively static relationship between strategy and the environment where firms respond to external conditions, while others describe a dynamic picture of competition, where firms not only are influenced by the environment, but also actively seek to change it. (e. g. he Schumpetarian approach). This feedback relationship between firm strategy and the environment is the focus of industry ‘lifecycle’ studies which look at the sources and effectrs of changes in industry structure. Porter(1996) claims that not all business decisions are strategice. Decisions can only be defined as strategic if they involve consciously doing something ‘differently’ from competitors and if that difference results in a sustainable advantage. To be sustainable it must be difficult to imitate. Activities which simply increase productivity by making existing methods more efficient (‘operational efficiency’) are not strategic since they can be easily copied by others. Although a firm must engage in both types of activiteis, it is strategic activies that will allow it to develop a sustainable superior performance. One of the factors that renders strategies hard to imitate, hence unique, is that they are the result of a complex interaction between diffenrent activities, which is not reducible to the sum of the indicidual activities. It is this synergy between activities that produces value, not the activities in themselves. Whittingtton(2001) introduces us to four different perspectives on stragey: the classical perspective, the evolutionary persperctive, the processual perspective and the systemic perspective. The classical perspective assumes that the manger has near to complete control over how to allocate the internal and external resources of the firm, and can thus manipulate the internal organization of the firm to better suit these objectives. In this view, strategic behaviour is guided by rationality, opportunism and self-interest. The evolutionary perspective places emphasis on behacioural differences between firm (e. g. some firms base their descisons on rational caculations, others simply on imitaion) and on the market selection mechanisms that allow some firms to frow and survive and others to fail. This view causes the image of the heroic entrepreneur, centreal to the classical perspective, to fall apart: it is not one manager but the mix between the forces of market selection, random events, and processes of positive feedback that determine performance. The processual perspectiver holds that economic outcomes emerge from the interactions between individuals and between individuals and their environment. The result of this interacion is unpredictable because actions are often unintended. Humans are not perfectly rational but ‘bounded’ in their rationality. This, along with the fact that interaction between individuals is guided not only by self-interest but alsoby collective bargaining and compromis, causes economic dynamics to be fuzzy and unpredictable. The systemic perspective argues that each of the above approaches is characterized by a narrow view of the world: a Western, often Anglo-Saxon, view. The ‘rationality’ of a particular strategy depends on its specific historical, social and cultural context. Strategic behaviour is ‘embedded’ in a network of social relations that includes cultural norms, class and educational background, religion and so on. Hence what if labelled as ‘irraional’ behaviour in one context may be perfectly rational in another. How to cite What Is Strategy?, Papers

An analysis of Ray Bradburys Fahrenheit Essay Example For Students

An analysis of Ray Bradburys Fahrenheit Essay An analysis of Ray Bradburys Fahrenheit 451 with a special focus on Guy Montags communal development and the theme of censorship This essay will analyse Ray Bradburys novel Fahrenheit 451 with a main focus on the key character and the theme of censorship. Censorship is the cause of all actions in the story bound society, and is the main influence on the Guy Montags personal development. As censorship constantly influences his lifestyle, he realizes what is wrong with the system and undergoes a change in his attitude towards his surroundings and standard of living. Analysing the effects of censorship and Montags development we will closely follow the three stages of his progress; ignorance, doubt, rebellion. To do this we will follow from the beginning of his story, investigating his every action and state of affairs in the key events of his development. By the end of this essay we will have been through the whole development, revealing us the result of Guy Montags progress and how he has handled his conflicts with censorship. We will analyse the factors and reasons to what made him revolt against the society, and analyse the actions and roles of the characters that have influenced the results of his achievements. Having done this we will be able to extract the message Ray Bradbury is sending to the public and the background for writing Fahrenheit 451. Picture it. Nineteenth -century man with his horses, dogs, carts, slow motion. Then, in the twentieth century, speed up your camera. Books cut shorter. Condensations. Digests. Tabloids. Everything boils down to the gag, the snap ending. Classics cut to fit fifteen-minute radio shows, the cut again to fit two-minute book column, winding up at last as a ten- or twelve-dictionary ri sumi. Now at least you can read all the classics; keep up with your neighbours. 1 The futuristic society in Fahrenheit 451 had developed having modernised largely between the two centuries as explained by Captain Beatty, causing that in the late twentieth century, articles were cut shorter, great novels were cut down and summarised into radio shows. Writing books also became a bigger problem for the authors, due to the world having suffered two world wars and two atomic wars, it became a harder task not to offend minorities and other interest groups. Due to this development, the population generally stopped reading books. The issue of ignorance versus knowledge quickly developed into a growing concern. The government were to stop this growing development by hiring fire department personnel to burn all the books they came across, promoting sameness; none were to be more educated than their neighbour2. Our main character is called Guy Montag, a proud fireman, constantly pulling with him the smell of kerosene3 and ashes. He and his wife, Mildred Montag, are to begin with perfect examples of the governments vision of how modern individuals are to behave, being slaves to modern media, such as parlours4 and sea shells5, and not having the desire of becoming more knowledgeable or wiser. Instead they are to live their lives in constant pursuit of true happiness, not knowing that they are also living a life of ignorance. This has been the common fashion of living for several generations. Montag, unknowing of the past, thinks that the firemen have always had the role of burning down houses and not the opposite. He has no reason to question the way the system functions, not until the evening he meets a young girl called Clarisse McClellan. Clarisse McClellan is the total opposite of the modern individual, and Montag is quickly fascinated by her outgoing personality and how she questions every little detail of life and whats happening in the society they live in. .u5adbc966e752041d40f718add40c8dd9 , .u5adbc966e752041d40f718add40c8dd9 .postImageUrl , .u5adbc966e752041d40f718add40c8dd9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5adbc966e752041d40f718add40c8dd9 , .u5adbc966e752041d40f718add40c8dd9:hover , .u5adbc966e752041d40f718add40c8dd9:visited , .u5adbc966e752041d40f718add40c8dd9:active { border:0!important; } .u5adbc966e752041d40f718add40c8dd9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5adbc966e752041d40f718add40c8dd9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5adbc966e752041d40f718add40c8dd9:active , .u5adbc966e752041d40f718add40c8dd9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5adbc966e752041d40f718add40c8dd9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5adbc966e752041d40f718add40c8dd9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5adbc966e752041d40f718add40c8dd9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5adbc966e752041d40f718add40c8dd9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5adbc966e752041d40f718add40c8dd9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5adbc966e752041d40f718add40c8dd9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5adbc966e752041d40f718add40c8dd9 .u5adbc966e752041d40f718add40c8dd9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5adbc966e752041d40f718add40c8dd9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Analysis EssayClarisse asks Montag if he is truly happy. This is the first turning point of Montags life. Was he happy? He lies to himself, by saying that yes, he is truly satisfied with his life, his wife and his profession6. But as soon as he enters his home he is struck with a sudden feeling of guilt, he has something hidden in the house that should not be there, something illegal, truly incorrect and very appalling, not really knowing what it is. However, his focus is removed from his illegal affairs, when he finds his wife having swallowed all her sleeping pills, and he quickly alerts the alarm central. Two young men pump out her stomach and replace her blood using an Electric-eyed snake, but to Montags disgust they treat his wifes near-death with enormous inhumanity, as if human lives do not count for more than a careless object. That night he lies in bed thinking; Are people just disposable tissues? Blow your nose on a person, wad them, flush them away, reach for another, blow, wad, flush. 7 From this night on, he knows he is not happy, his whole life he has been false to himself, supporting the life of sameness and living after the philosophy of hedonism8. But none of this has worked for him, he has been married to an empty shell of a human being who prefers to live her life in the parlours and isolate herself with her sea shells. He also realises that his job has been to promote this kind of lifestyle, censoring knowledge and individual thought. Montags daily routine starts changing, he starts thinking about whats happening around him, especially as he greets the fire stations mechanical-hound, a machine dog programmed to kill what it is programmed to hunt, growls at him, suddenly reminding him of what he has hidden behind the ventilator grill at home. Does anybody from the fire station know that he is hiding books at his home? But at this time it seems like he does not truly know why he feels guilty, as if he is no longer master over his actions, as if he has a schizophrenic half that controls his body. Is it a different Montag that is truly fascinated by expanding his thoughts, learning new ideas, gaining knowledge and stealing books from the houses that the fireman-Montag burns to the ground? 9 He avoids these thoughts, hiding them not only from his colleagues, but also from himself. Not like any other citizen in the nation, Clarisse shows real interest in people and is truly fascinated by Montag, him being the only one she can ask deep and personal questions, as in why Guy doesnt have any children? 10 This question strikes him hard as he realises how empty and meaningless his home, marriage and life is. It is at that moment of enlightenment that an urge for reading, expanding his horizon, pulls at him even harder11. Even at this phase in his development, realising how shallow the society is and that he has no meaning of life; he still covers the truth with denial, by exploring his guilt and self-consciousness by thinking to himself; Guilt? What guilt was that? . One day the fire department is alarmed about a house concealing illegal books, but as they arrive the owner of the house, an elderly woman, is still in there. Normally book-criminals are arrested and taken away by the police, so that the fire department only has to clean out an empty house. While speculating why the elderly woman is staying with her books instead of fleeing from the chaos, a book falls into Montags hands. While staring at the book in total terror, his body takes control of his actions; .u8aeb50aa7cb0d94228cd9559a15e7f35 , .u8aeb50aa7cb0d94228cd9559a15e7f35 .postImageUrl , .u8aeb50aa7cb0d94228cd9559a15e7f35 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8aeb50aa7cb0d94228cd9559a15e7f35 , .u8aeb50aa7cb0d94228cd9559a15e7f35:hover , .u8aeb50aa7cb0d94228cd9559a15e7f35:visited , .u8aeb50aa7cb0d94228cd9559a15e7f35:active { border:0!important; } .u8aeb50aa7cb0d94228cd9559a15e7f35 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8aeb50aa7cb0d94228cd9559a15e7f35 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8aeb50aa7cb0d94228cd9559a15e7f35:active , .u8aeb50aa7cb0d94228cd9559a15e7f35:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8aeb50aa7cb0d94228cd9559a15e7f35 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8aeb50aa7cb0d94228cd9559a15e7f35 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8aeb50aa7cb0d94228cd9559a15e7f35 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8aeb50aa7cb0d94228cd9559a15e7f35 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8aeb50aa7cb0d94228cd9559a15e7f35:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8aeb50aa7cb0d94228cd9559a15e7f35 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8aeb50aa7cb0d94228cd9559a15e7f35 .u8aeb50aa7cb0d94228cd9559a15e7f35-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8aeb50aa7cb0d94228cd9559a15e7f35:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Bill Of Rights Scholarship EssayMontag had done nothing. His hand had done it all, his hand, with a brain of its own, with a conscience and a curiosity in each trembling finger, had turned thief. Now, it plunged the book back under his arm, pressed it tight to sweating armpit, rushed out empty, with a magicians flourish! Look here! Innocent! Look! 13 It is at this moment he realises what he is doing behind his own back, his curiosity is winning over his loyalty towards ignorance. He cannot believe his own eyes, looking at what his body is doing, risking his job, home and life, now realising what is behind the ventilator grill. But still he keeps the book in his pocket and continues raiding the house. As they have filled up the house with kerosene, the firemen storm out the house, but on his way out, Montag is met by the owner of the house who has stayed by her books. He desperately tries to drag her out with him, but she refuses to follow him. Instead she ignites the kerosene herself, burning herself with the books.